IDEMOCRACY YAYESELWE-URHULUMENTE
UHarold W. Percival
INXENYE I
UKWAZI, UBULUNGISELELO KUNYE NENJONGO YOKUZonwabisa
Ukuba umthetho nobulungisa bulawula umhlaba, kwaye ukuba wonke umntu ozelwe e-United States of America, okanye wonke umntu uba ngummi, ukhululekile kwaye uyalingana phantsi komthetho, kunokwenzeka njani ukuba bonke abantu baseMelika, okanye nabaphi na, babenelungelo kumalungelo alinganayo kunye nethuba lobomi nenkululeko ekuzameni ukonwaba, xa umntu ngamnye ethe wanyanzelwa ukuba azalwe kunye nesikhululo sakhe ebomini?
Uvavanyo kunye nokuqonda la magama okanye amabinzana, kuya kubonakala ukuba nayiphi na into aya kuba kuyo, i-United States yaseMelika, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amazwe, inezinto ezimbalwa ezingathandekiyo kwaye inika amathuba amakhulu okuba umntu asebenze kunye nawo okanye ngokuchaseneyo ikamva ekufuneni ulonwabo.
umthetho
Umthetho sisixhobo esisebenzayo, esenziwa ziingcinga kunye nezenzo zomenzi wazo okanye abenzi bazo, ekubophelelekileyo kubo babhalisayo.
Xa umntu ecinga ngento anqwenela ukuba yiyo, okanye ayenze, okanye abe nayo, okanye, xa abaliqela becinga ngento abanqwenela ukuba nayo, okanye bayenze, okanye babe, abazi okanye bayazi ukuba into bayenza ngokwayiphi na imeko ngokwasemphefumlweni; Umthetho othi, kufutshane okanye ekude, yena ngokwenyani kuya kufuneka enze njengezenzo okanye iimeko apho baya kuba.
Ewe kona abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba babopheleleke kumthetho wokucinga, kungenjalo ngekhe bacinge iingcinga abaqhele ukuzenza. Nangona kunjalo, ngomthetho wokucinga kwabo zonke izinto ezenziwa emhlabeni zenziwa ngommiselo weengcinga zabo, kwaye zonke izehlo ezingalindelekanga nezingalindelekanga kunye neemeko ziziswa ngamagosa ezomthetho kwihlabathi lokungabonakali.
Lungisa
Ubulungisa sisenzo solwazi ngokunxulumene nomxholo lowo ubekiweyo. Oko kukuthi, kukupha nokwamkela oko kufanelekileyo kanye ngokuchanekileyo ngokoko umntu amiselwe kona ngeengcinga nangezenzo zakhe. Abantu abayiboni indlela okwenziwa ngayo okusesikweni, kuba abakwazi ukubona kwaye abayiqondi indlela abacinga ngayo kwaye zithini iingcinga zabo; ababoni okanye baqonde indlela ezinxibelelana ngayo ngokungafaniyo neengcinga zabo kunye nendlela iingcinga ezisebenza ngayo kwixesha elide; kwaye bayazilibala iingcinga abazenzileyo kunye noxanduva lwabo. Ke ngoko abayiboni ukuba okusesikweni kulungisiwe, sisiphumo esingenasiphelo seengcinga zabo abazenzileyo, kwaye apho banokufunda ubugcisa bokwenza, kunye nokungakwenzi.
isiphelo
Isiphelo ngummiselo ongenakuphepheka okanye lo mthetho ugcwalisiweyo: into emiselweyo, -kungumzimba nosapho umntu angena ngalo, isikhululo esinye sikulo, okanye enye into yobomi.
Abantu banemibono engapheliyo ngekamva. Bakholelwa ukuba liza ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, kunye ne-haphazard, ngamathuba; okanye ukuba ibangelwa zizo naziphi na ezinye iindlela ngaphandle kwazo. Isiphelo is engaqondakaliyo abantu abayazi indlela eyenziwa ngayo imithetho yomntu ngamnye kunye neyendalo iphela. Abazi kwaye kaninzi bayala ukukholelwa ukuba umntu wenza imithetho yokuba aphile ngayo, nokuba umthetho wawungekho ebomini bomntu, nakwindalo iphela, ngewungekho mgaqo kwindalo; ukuba kungabikho kuphinda kubuye ngexesha, kwaye umhlaba awunakubakho njengoko usenza kangangeyure. Ubomi bomntu ngamnye kunye neemeko ahlala phantsi kwazo zixabiso elikhulu kakhulu leengcinga zakhe zakudala kunye nezenzo, ezithi, kuwo wonke umthetho, yimisebenzi yakhe. Abayi kuthathwa njengelungileyo okanye 'embi'; ziingxaki zakhe ezo, ukuba zisonjululwe nguye ukuphuculwa kwakhe. Unokwenza kuwo njengoko ethanda. Kodwa nantoni na aycingayo ayenzayo, ayenzayo ikamva lakhe lingenakuphepheka.
Ukukhululeka
Ukukhululeka kukungafakwa. Abantu ngamanye amaxesha bayakholelwa ukuba bakhululekile kuba bengengamakhoboka, okanye abavalelwanga. Kodwa rhoqo zihlala zibopheleleke kwiminqweno yazo kwizinto zeemvakalelo njengalo naliphi na ikhoboka okanye ibanjwa elibanjwe ziinkonkxa zentsimbi. Umntu unxulunyaniswa nezinto ngeminqweno yakhe. Iminqweno iqhotyoshelwe kwindlela umntu acinga ngayo. Ngokucinga, kwaye kuphela ngokucinga, iminqweno ingavumela izinto ukuba ziqhotyoshelwe, kwaye ke zikhululeke. Emva koko umntu unokuba nayo into kwaye angayisebenzisa ngcono kuba akasenamathiselwe kwaye abotshelelwe kuyo.
inkululeko
Inkululeko ayibalulekanga; Ukungazikhathaleli wena ngokwakho kurhulumente, imeko, okanye kwinto yokuba, ubani uyazi.
Abantu abafunda kancinane bakholelwa ukuba imali okanye izinto okanye isikhundla esikhulu iya kubanika inkululeko, okanye basuse into eyimfuneko emsebenzini. Kodwa aba bantu bagcinwa kwinkululeko ngokungabinazo ezi zinto, nangokuzifumana. Kungenxa yokuba bayanqwenela, kwaye iminqweno yabo ehambelana nayo ibenza babe ngamabanjwa kwiingcinga zabo zezinto. Umntu unokuba nenkululeko kunye okanye ngaphandle kwezinto ezinjalo, kuba inkululeko sisimo sengqondo nengqondo yomntu engayi kuncanyathiselwa kwingcinga kuwo nawuphi na umxholo weemvakalelo. Umntu onenkululeko wenza zonke isenzo okanye uxanduva ngenxa yokuba luxanduva, kwaye ngaphandle komnqweno wokufumana umvuzo okanye ukoyika iziphumo. Ke, kwaye kuphela, unokuzonwabela izinto anazo okanye azisebenzisayo.
U khu luleko
Inkululeko kukungavikeleki ebukhobokeni, kwaye ilungelo lomntu lokwenza njengoko ethanda lo gama nje engaphazamisi ilungelo lolunye nolonyulo.
Abantu abakholelwa ukuba inkululeko ibanika ilungelo lokuba bathethe kwaye benze oko bakuthandayo, ngaphandle kwamalungelo abanye, banokuthenjwa ngenkululeko akukho mntu uya kuhlaselwa umntu oziphethe kakuhle, okanye unxila. khululeka phakathi kwabathobekileyo kwaye abakhutheleyo. Inkululeko lilizwe lentlalo, apho umntu uya kuthi ahlonele kwaye anike ingqalelo efanayo kumalungelo abanye njengoko elindele eyakhe.
Amalungelo alinganayo
Ukulingana akunakuthetha ukufana, kuba akukho bantu babini banokufana okanye balingane emzimbeni, kwimo, okanye ngokwengqondo.
Abantu abagxininisa kakhulu kumalungelo abo alinganayo bahlala bengabo bafuna ngaphezulu kwamalungelo abo, kwaye babe nento abayifunayo bangabanciphisa abanye kumalungelo abo. Abantu abanjalo baninzi kakhulu abantwana okanye iBharbhari kwaye abafanelanga amalungelo alinganayo phakathi kwempucuko de babe baya kuthathela ingqalelo amalungelo abanye.
Ukulingana
Ukulingana kunye namalungelo alinganayo kwinkululeko yile: umntu ngamnye unelungelo lokucinga, lokuziva, lokwenza, kwaye enze njengoko ethanda, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, okanye uxinzelelo okanye ukuthintelwa.
Umntu akanakubambisa amalungelo abanye ngaphandle kokonakalisa amalungelo akhe. Ummi ngamnye obambeleyo ugcina amalungelo alinganayo nenkululeko kubo bonke abemi. Ukulingana kwabantu kuyimpazamo kwaye kuyintsomi ngaphandle kwengqondo okanye sizathu. Ingcinga yokulingana kwabantu ayinangqondo okanye iyahlekisa njengokuba kunokuba njalo ukuthetha ngexeshana, okanye ukungabikho kantlukwano, okanye uphawu olunye. Ukuzalwa nokuzala, imikhwa, amasiko, imfundo, intetho, ukuqonda, indlela yokuziphatha, kunye neempawu abanazo zenza ukulingana phakathi kwabantu. Iya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo ukuba umntu ohlonitshwayo abize ulingano kwaye abe nobudlelwane nabangenalwazi, njengoko kuya kuba njalo kwabaxovayo nabangalunganga ukuba bazive belingana nabo benembeko kwaye banyanzelisa ukuba bamkelwe ngabo. Udidi luzimele, hayi ngokuzalwa okanye ngenceba, kodwa ngokucinga nokwenza. Iklasi nganye exhasa eyayo, iya kuhlonipha naliphi na elinye iklasi. "Ukulingana" okungenakwenzeka okubangela umona okanye ukungathandi, akuyi kunqwenelwa naliphi na iklasi.
Ithuba
Amathuba sisenzo okanye into okanye umcimbi esinxulumene neemfuno okanye uyilo lomntu okanye olomnye umntu, kwaye exhomekeke kudityaniso lwexesha nendawo kunye nemeko.
Amathuba ahlala ekhona yonke indawo, kodwa ayithethi okufanayo kubo bonke abantu. Umntu wenza okanye usebenzisa ithuba; ithuba alinakwenza okanye lisebenzise indoda. Abo bakhalaza ukuba abanamathuba alinganayo nabanye, bafanelekise kwaye bangaboni ngamehlo ukuze bangaboni okanye basebenzise amathuba adlulayo. Amathuba eentlobo ngeentlobo ahlala ekho. Lowo usebenzisa amathuba anikwa lixesha, ngemeko nangeziganeko, ngokunxulumene neemfuno kunye neemfuno zabantu, akamoshanga xesha lesikhalazo. Ufumana into efunwa ngabantu okanye abayifunayo; emva koko uyamhambisa. Ufumana ithuba.
ulonwabo
Ulonwabo yimeko okanye iphupha elifanelekileyo umntu anokuzama kulo kodwa angaze alifezekise. Oku kungenxa yokuba umntu akazi ukuba luyintoni na ulonwabo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba iminqweno yomntu ayinakuze yaneliswe ngokupheleleyo. Iphupha lokonwaba alifani kubo bonke. Oko kungonwabisa omnye umntu kukwenza omnye ukuba ahlupheke; into eya konwaba kolunye inokuba lusizi. Abantu bafuna ukonwaba. Abaqinisekanga nje ukuba luyintoni na ulonwabo, kodwa bayalufuna kwaye bayalusukela. Bayisukela ngemali, ezothando, udumo, amandla, umtshato kunye nokutsala ngaphandle kwesiphelo. Kodwa ukuba bafunda kumava abo kunye nezi, baya kufumanisa ukuba ulonwabo alungeni kulowo ubasukelayo. Ayinakuze ifumaneke nakwintoni na enokunikwa lihlabathi. Ayinakuze ibanjiswe kukusukela. Ayifunyanwa. Kuza xa umntu eyilungele kwaye ifika entliziyweni ethembekileyo kwaye izaliswe kukuthanda okuhle kuluntu lonke.
Ke ngoko njengoko umthetho kunye nobulungisa kufuneka zilawule umhlaba ukuze ziqhubeke zikho, kwaye, njengoko ikamva limiselwe kumntu ngamnye ngokweengcinga zakhe nangokwenza kwakhe, kuyahambelana nomthetho nobulungisa umntu ngamnye ozalelwe okanye oza kuba Ummi wase-United States yaseMelika unokukhululeka; ukuba unako okanye phantsi kwemithetho yakhe amalungelo alinganayo nabanye; kwaye, ukuba umntu uxhomekeke kubuchule bakhe unenkululeko yakhe kwaye ukhululekile ukusebenzisa ithuba ekufuneni ulonwabo.
I-United States yaseMelika ayinakwenza ukuba umntu akhululeke, athobele umthetho kwaye alunge, kwaye ayinakuchonga ikamva lakhe kwaye ayinike ulonwabo. Kodwa ilizwe kunye nezixhobo zalo linika wonke ummi ithuba lokuba nenkululeko, ethotyelwa ngumthetho kanye njengoko enjalo, kwaye imithetho ayibhalisayo imqinisekisa ilungelo nenkululeko kwilinge lakhe lokufumana ulonwabo. Ilizwe alinakumenza umntu; Indoda kufuneka izenzele into eyithandayo. Kodwa alikho ilizwe elinikezela ngamathuba aqhubeka ngokugqithileyo kunale anikezelwa yi-United States yaseMelika kuye wonke umntu onoxanduva oza kugcina imithetho kwaye azenze mkhulu njengoko esemandleni akhe. Kwaye ubungakanani bobukhulu abunakulinganiswa ngokuzalwa okanye ubutyebi okanye iqela okanye udidi, kodwa ngokuzilawula, ngorhulumente ozimele ngokwakhe, kunye neenzame zomntu kunyulo lwabona banolwazi lwabantu ukuze babe ngabalawuli abantu ngokomdla wabo bonke abantu, njengabantu banye. Ngale ndlela umntu unokuba mkhulu ngokwenyani, ekumiselweni korhulumente wenene, idemokhrasi yokwenyani eUnited States. Ubukhulu kukuzilawula. Umntu ozilawulayo ngokwenyani unokubasebenzela abantu kakuhle. Ukuba inkonzo inkulu kubo bonke abantu, kokukhona iya kuba nkulu indoda.
Umzimba ngamnye womntu ikamva layo, kodwa kuphela ikamva lomzimba, loMenzi oqinisekileyo kuloo mzimba. Umenzi akazikhumbuli iingcinga zakhe zangaphambili kunye nezenzo ezazingummiselo wokwenza umzimba esele zikuwo, nelililifa lakhe lomzimba, umthetho wawo, umsebenzi wawo, kunye nethuba lakhe-ithuba lokusebenza.
E-United States akukho nto yokuzalwa iphantsi kangangokuba uMnyango ongena kulo mzimba usenokungawuphakamisi kwesona sikhululo siphezulu emhlabeni. Umzimba uyafa; uMenzi awufi. Ngaba i-Doer ekwelo mzimba inamathele emzimbeni kangangokuba ilawulwa ngumzimba? Ke, nangona umzimba ungowentengiso ephezulu, lowo uyenzayo ulikhoboka. Ukuba i-Doer ayifumaneki ngokwaneleyo ukuba iyenza yonke imithetho yomzimba njengemfanelo yokuyikhathalela kwaye ikukhusele kwaye igcinwe isempilweni, kodwa ke ukuba ingavunyelwa ngumzimba ngokusuka kwinjongo yayo ekhethiweyo ebomini-ke uMenzi awufunyanwanga kwaye, ke, simahla. Wonke umsebenzi ongafiyo kuwo wonke umzimba ofayo unelungelo lokukhetha ukuba uya kuzibandakanya emzimbeni kwaye ulawulwe ngokufunwa ngumzimba, okanye ungathathelwa nto emzimbeni ukhululeke; simahla ukumisela injongo yobomi bayo, nokuba injani na imeko yokuzalwa komzimba okanye isikhululo ebomini; kwaye ukhululekile ukubandakanyeka ekusukeleni ulonwabo.
Umthetho kunye nokusesikweni kulawula umhlaba. Ukuba bekungenjalo bekungayi kubakho kusasazeka kwindalo. Imisinga yento ayinakuchithwa ibe ziiyunithi, ii-infinitesimals neeatom kunye nee-molekyuli azikwazanga ukudityaniswa zibe kwisakhiwo esichazayo; Umhlaba, ilanga, inyanga kunye neenkwenkwezi azikwazanga ukuhamba kwizifundo zabo kwaye zihlale zihleli zinxibelelene ngokunxibelelene ngokwasemzimbeni nakwezomhlaba. Kuyinto echasene nengqondo kunye nesizathu, kwaye imbi ngaphezu kokuhlanya, ukuba uthambekele ekuthini umthetho kunye nokusesikweni kungalawuli ihlabathi. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba umthetho nobulungisa zinokuvalwa umzuzu omnye, isiphumo iya kuba sisiphithiphithi nokufa konke.
Ubulungisa bendalo iphela bulawula umhlaba ngomthetho ngokudibana nolwazi. Ngokwazi kuqinisekile; ngolwazi akukho ndawo yokuthandabuza.
Ubulungisa bexeshana bulawula umntu, kunye nobungqina beemvakalelo zakhe njengomthetho, kunye nokuhambelana nokuphuma. Ngokukhutshwa kuhlala uthandabuza; akukho gumbi lokuqiniseka. Umntu unika umda kulwazi kunye nokucinga kwakhe kubungqina beemvakalelo zakhe; iimvakalelo zakhe azichanekanga, kwaye ziyaguquka; ngenxa yoko ayinakuphepheka ukuba imithetho eyenzayo kufuneka ingoneli, kwaye malunga nokusesikweni uhlala ethandabuza.
Oko umntu akubiza ngokuba ngumthetho nobulungisa ngokubhekisele kubomi bakhe nokuziphatha kungaphandle komthetho nomthetho ongapheliyo. Ke ngoko ayiqondi imithetho ahlala kuyo kunye nokusesikweni okuphunyezwe kuye ngalo lonke ixesha lobomi bakhe. Uhlala ekholelwa ukuba ubomi yinto yelotto; elo thuba okanye umkhethe uyenzeka; ukuba akukho okusesikweni, ngaphandle kokuba kufanelekile. Ukanti kuyo yonke loo nto, kukho umthetho ongonaphakade. Kuzo zonke izinto ezenzekayo zobomi bomntu ezinokufikelwa yimithetho yobulungisa
Umntu unokuthi, ukuba uyathanda, aqonde umthetho nendalo iphela. Ngokulungileyo okanye kugula, umntu wenza imithetho yekamva lakhe elizayo ngeengcinga zakhe kunye nezenzo, nanjengoko ngeengcinga zakhe zangaphambili kunye nezenzo azisebenzele ngokwakhe kwiwebhu yegama lakhe alisebenzayo imihla ngemihla. Kwaye, ngeengcinga zakhe nangezenzo zakhe, nangona engayazi, umntu uyanceda ukumisela imithetho yelizwe ahlala kulo.
Kukho isitishi kuwo wonke umzimba womntu apho uMenzi emntwini anokuqalisa ukufunda ngomthetho ongapheliyo, umthetho wobulungisa-ukuba uMenzi uyavuma. Isitishi sisentliziyweni yomntu. Ukusuka apho ilizwi lesazela liyathetha. Isazela sisiseko esisesikweni soMenzi; sisixa esimalunga nolwazi soMenzi ngaso nasiphi na isifundo okanye umbuzo. Ubuninzi bokukhetha kunye nokubandlulula, zonke iimvakalelo, zihlala zixhuma entliziyweni. Kodwa xa umDaluli ehlukanisa ezi kwilizwi lesazela kunye nokumamela elo lizwi abahlaseli abanemvakalelo bagcinwe ngaphandle. UMenzi ke uqalisa ukufunda umthetho wokulunga. Isazela siyamlumkisa ngento engalunganga. Ukufunda umthetho wobulungisa kuvula indlela yokuba uMenzi abhenele kwisizathu sakhe. Isizathu ngumcebisi, ijaji kunye nomphathi wobulungisa kuyo yonke into enxulumene noMenzi emntwini. Ubulungisa sisenzo solwazi ngokunxulumene nomxholo lowo ubekiweyo. Oko kukuthi, okusesikweni kukunxulumene noMenzi emsebenzini wakhe; Olu lwalamano ngumthetho omiselwe wona nguMthetheleli; idale olu lwalamano ngokweengcinga zayo kunye nezenzo zayo; kwaye kufuneka ibufezekise obu budlelwane; kufuneka ihlale ngokuvumayo ngalo mthetho wobuqu, ukuba ingangqinelana nomthetho wendalo iphela.
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