IDEMOCRACY YAYESELWE-URHULUMENTE
UHarold W. Percival
ICANDELO III
UKUGCINWA KWEZOBANDLA ZE-UNITED STATES Zenzelwe abantu
UMgaqo-siseko wase-United States ngumboniso owahlukileyo wobukrelekrele ngokubhekisele kwimicimbi yabantu kwizibonelelo zawo zokumiselwa ngabantu abakhululekileyo bohlobo loorhulumente abalukhethayo, kunye nolwazelelo lwabo njengabantu kunye nanjengesizwe. Umgaqo-siseko awunikezeli ukuba akuyi kubakho rhulumente weqela, okanye ukuba urhulumente othile weqela uza kubakho. NgokomGaqo-siseko amandla awangabikho kulo naliphi na iqela okanye umntu; abantu kufuneka babe negunya: bakhethe into abaza kuyenza, nokuba baya kuba benze ntoni kurhulumente. Yayilithemba leWashington kunye namanye amagosa ukuba kungabakho maqela kunyulo lwabameli babo kurhulumente ngabantu. Kodwa ipolitiki yeqela yangena kurhulumente, kwaye amaqela aqhubekile kurhulumente. Kwaye, ngokuqhelisela, kuthiwa le nkqubo yombutho mibini ilungile ebantwini.
Ipolitiki yeqela
Ipolitiki yeqela lishishini, umsebenzi, okanye umdlalo, nokuba yeyiphi na ipolitiki yeqela enqwenela ukuyenza njengomsebenzi wayo. Ipolitiki yeqela kurhulumente ngumdlalo weqela lezopolitiko; ayingorhulumente ngabantu. Abezopolitiko beqela labo kumdlalo wabo kurhulumente abanako ukunika abantu isivumelwano. Kwurhulumente weqela ubuhle beqela liza kuqala, emva koko mhlawumbi izinto ezintle zelizwe, kwaye ukulunga kwabantu kuhlale. Abezopolitiko beqela “abaPhakathi” okanye “abaPhandle” bakarhulumente. Abantu bangabakwi "Ins" okanye "abaPhandle." Naxa abanye be "Ins" kurhulumente bafuna ukunika abantu ithengiselwano, abanye be "Ins" kwaye phantse bonke "Outs" bakarhulumente bathintela. yona. Abantu abanakufumana amadoda azakukhusela iimfuno zabo, kuba abo abantu banyulelwa ezi-ofisini bonyulwa ngamaqela abo kwaye bathembekile kwiqela labo. Ukukhathalela abantu ngaphambi kokukhathalela iqela kuyaphikisana nemithetho engabhalwanga kuwo onke amaqela. Ngokuqhelekileyo kucingelwa ukuba urhulumente waseMelika yintando yesininzi; kodwa ayinakuba yintando yesininzi yokwenyani. Abantu abanakuba nentando yesininzi yokwenyani okoko umdlalo weqela lepolitiki uqhubeka. Ipolitiki yeqela ayiyiyo inkululeko; ichasene nentando yesininzi. Ipolitiki yeqela ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bakholelwe ukuba banedemokhrasi; kodwa endaweni yokuba babe ngurhulumente ngabantu, abantu banorhulumente, kwaye balawulwa yiqela, okanye ngabaphathi bombutho. Idemokhrasi ngurhulumente ngabantu; Oko kukuthi, ukuthetha inyani, ukuzilawula. Elinye icandelo lolawulo lukarhulumente kukuba abantu ngokwabo kufuneka batyhefe, beqaphelekayo phambi kwabantu, abo babona njengabona bantu banobuntu kunye nabona bafanelekileyo ukugcwalisa iiofisi abatyunjelwe zona. Kwaye kumagama abonyuliweyo abantu babonyula kunyulo nakonyulo lukazwelonke abakholelwa ukuba zezona zilunge kakhulu ukulawulwa.
Ewe, abezobupolitika beqela bebengayithandi loo nto, kuba bayakuphulukana nemisebenzi yabo njengezopolitiko zeqela, kwaye kuba bayakuphulukana nolawulo lwabantu baphule umdlalo wabo, kwaye kuba bayakuphulukana nesabelo sabo seenzuzo ezivela ekurhwebeni Izibonelelo nakwiikontraki zoluntu kunye neendawo ezihlala kuyo kunye nenkundla nolunye unyulo, njalo-njalo ngaphandle kokupheliswa. Ukutyunjwa nokunyulwa kwabameli babo kurhulumente ngabantu ngokwabo kuya kuzisa abantu kunye noorhulumente babo kunye kwaye babamanyanise kwinjongo zabo ezifanayo kunye nomdla, oko kukuthi, urhulumente wabantu, nakwimicimbi yabo bonke abantu njengabantu nje- loo nto ingangurhulumente wentando yesininzi. Ngokuchasene noku, abezopolitiko beqela bayahlula abantu babahlulahlulo oluninzi njengoko kukho amaqela. Iqela ngalinye lenza iqonga laso kwaye liqulunqe imigaqo-nkqubo yalo ukutsala kunye nokubamba nokubamba abantu abathi babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba bayo. Amaqela kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba banezinto abathandayo nabanomkhethe kuzo, kwaye iqela kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba bahlaselana, kwaye kukho imfazwe ephakathi rhoqo phakathi kwamaqela nabathathi-nxaxheba bawo. Endaweni yokuba nabantu abamanyeneyo kurhulumente, ipolitiki yeqela ibangela imfazwe kurhulumente, ephazamisa abantu, kunye namashishini, kwaye isiphumo senkcitho engapheliyo kurhulumente, kwaye inyusa indleko ebantwini kuwo onke amasebe obomi.
Kwaye ngoobani ababenoxanduva lokwahlula abantu ngokwamaqela nokubamanyanisa? Abantu ngabo abanoluxanduva. Ngoba? Kuba, ngaphandle nje okuncinci kwaye ngaphandle kolwazi lwabantu lwenyani, abezopolitiko naborhulumente ngabameli babantu. Isininzi sabantu abanakho ukuzilawula kwaye abanqweneli ukuzilawula. Bangathanda abanye ukuba bazicwangcise ezi zinto kwaye babaqhubele urhulumente, ngaphandle kokubekwa engxakini okanye kwiindleko zokuzenzela ezi zinto. Abayithathi lula ingxaki yokujonga abalinganiswa bamadoda abanyulele eofisini: bamamela amazwi abo afanelekileyo kunye nezithembiso zesisa; Bakhohliseka ngokulula ngenxa yokuba indebe yabo ibakhuthaza ukuba baphangwe, kwaye ukuthanda kwabo kunye nomkhethe bayabakhohlisa kwaye bavuselele inkanuko yabo; banomdla wokungcakaza kwaye banethemba lokufumana nantoni na ngaphandle kwemizamo encinci okanye akukho nto bayifunayo. Abezopolitiko beqela babanika loo nto iqinisekileyo; yinto ababefanele ukuba bayazi ukuba baya kuyifumana, kodwa bengalindelanga; kwaye kuya kufuneka bahlawule iindleko zoko bakufumanayo, ngenzala. Ngaba abantu bayafunda? Hayi! Baqala kwakhona kwakhona. Abantu babonakala ngathi abafundanga, kodwa abangakufundisiyo bafundisa ezobupolitika. Ke abezopolitiko bafunda lo mdlalo: abantu umdlalo.
Abezobupolitika beqela awabo bonke abakhohlakeleyo nabanganyanisekanga; Bangabantu kwaye ngabantu; ubuntu babo babakhuthaza ukuba basebenzise ubuqili ukuze baphumelele abantu njengomdlalo wabo kwiipolitiki zeqela. Abantu babafundise ukuba ukuba abayisebenzisi inkohliso ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuphulukana nomdlalo. Uninzi lwabo belahlekileyo kumdlalo bayayazi le nto ukuze badlale umdlalo ukuze baphumelele umdlalo. Ingabonakala ngathi abantu bafuna ukusindiswa ngokukhohliswa. Kodwa abo baye bazama ukusindisa abantu ngokubakhohlisa baye bazikhohlisa nje.
Endaweni yokuqhubeka nokufundisa ezobupolitika ukuba zibaphumelele ngokukhohlisa, abantu ngoku kufuneka bafundise ezobupolitika kunye nabo bafuna iofisi zikarhulumente ukuba abasayi kuphinda bazithobe ngokuba "ngumdlalo" kunye "nexhoba."
Umdlalo weRoyal wokuZilawula
Eyona ndlela iqinisekileyo yokumisa umdlalo wepolitiki yeqela kunye nokufunda ukuba yeyiphi idemokhrasi yinyani, kukuba wonke umntu okanye nabani na azilawule kwaye azilawule yena kunokuba alawulwe ngoosopolitiki nabanye abantu. Oko kubonakala kulula, kodwa akukho lula; ngumdlalo wobomi bakho: “umlo wobomi bakho” kunye nobomi bakho. Kwaye kuthatha umdlalo olungileyo, umdlalo oyinyani, ukudlala umdlalo kunye nokuphumelela kumlo. Kodwa oyena mntu ungumdlalo ngokwaneleyo ukuba aqalise umdlalo aze aqhubeke efumanisa ukuba uyakhula kwaye mkhulu kwaye wanelisekile nangawo nawuphi na omnye umdlalo abewazi okanye aphupha ngawo. Kweminye imidlalo, umntu kufuneka aziqeqeshe ukubamba, ukuphosa, ukubaleka, ukutsiba, ukunyanzela, ukuthintela, ukubamba, ukuqhula, ukuhambisa, ukusukela, ukubambana, unyamezelo, idabi kunye nokoyisa Kodwa ukuzibamba kwahlukile. Kwimidlalo eqhelekileyo ukhuphisana nabakhuphisana nabo bangaphandle: kwimidlalo yokuzilawula abakhuphisana nayo yeyakho kwaye ungowakho. Kweminye imidlalo nikhuphisana ngamandla kunye nokuqonda kwabanye; kumdlalo wokuzibamba kumzabalazo uphakathi kwelungileyo kunye neemvakalelo ezingalunganga kunye neminqweno eyakho, kunye nokuqonda kwakho indlela yokuziguqula. Kuyo yonke eminye imidlalo uya usiba buthathaka kwaye uphulukane namandla okulwa nokukhula kweminyaka; kumdlalo wokuzibamba ufumana ukuqonda kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokwanda kweminyaka. Impumelelo kweminye imidlalo ubukhulu becala ixhomekeke ekuthandeni okanye ekungonwabiseni nasekugwebeni abanye; kodwa ungumgwebi wempumelelo yakho ekuziphatheni, ngaphandle koloyiko okanye ukuthandwa nangubani na. Olunye utshintsho lwezemidlalo kunye nexesha kunye nexesha; kodwa umdla kumdlalo wokuzibamba kuyaqhubeka uyimpumelelo ngexesha kunye nexesha. Kwaye ukuzeyisa kukungqina kulawulo lokuzibamba ukuba yimidlalo yasebukhosini exhasa yonke eminye imidlalo.
Ukuzilawula ngumdlalo wasebukhosini wokwenyani kuba ufuna isidima somlingisi ukuzibandakanya uqhubeke. Kuyo yonke eminye imidlalo uxhomekeke kubuchule namandla akho ekoyiseni abanye, nakwilizwi labaphulaphuli okanye lehlabathi. Abanye kufuneka baphulukane nawe ukuze uphumelele. Kodwa kwimidlalo yokuzilawula wena lutshaba lwakho kunye nabaphulaphuli bakho; Akukho namnye ke onokuvuya okanye ugwebe. Ngokuphulukana, uya kuphumelela. Kwaye oko kukuthi, ngokwakho oko woyisileyo kuyonwaba xa koyiswa kuba kusaziwa ukuba kuvumelana nelungelo. Wena, njengoMenzi oqondayo weemvakalelo zakho kunye neminqweno yakho emzimbeni, uyazi ukuba iminqweno yakho ephosakeleyo izabalaza ekubonakaliseni kwinto kunye nokwenza into ngokuchasene nelungelo. Azinakho ukutshabalalisa okanye ukupheliswa, kodwa zinako kwaye kufuneka zilawulwe kwaye zitshintshelwe kulunga kunye nomthetho ogcina iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno; kwaye, njengabantwana, baneliseka ngakumbi xa belawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye belawulwa kunokuba bavunyelwe ukwenza njengoko bafuna. Nguwe kuphela onokubatshintsha; akekho omnye umntu onokwenzela loo nto. Amadabi amaninzi kufuneka alwe ngaphambi kokuba okuphosakeleyo kungeniswe phantsi kolawulo kwaye kwenziwe okulungileyo. Kodwa xa loo nto yenziwe yiphumelele umlo kwaye sele uwuphumelele umdlalo wokuzibamba, kwezorhulumente.
Awunakuvuzwa ngewonga lomnqobi, okanye ngesithsaba okanye intonga yobukumkani njengeempawu zegunya namandla. Ezi ziimaski zangaphandle, ezinento yokwenza nabanye; Zingaqhelekanga kwimpawu zophawu. Amanqaku angaphandle ngamanye amaxesha afanelekile kwaye makhulu, kodwa iimpawu zempawu zibonakala zilungile kwaye zinkulu. Iimpawu zangaphandle zezokwexeshana, ziya kulahleka. Amanqaku okuzibamba kwiimpawu zaDoqondayo ayisi-ephemeral, akanakuphulukana; baya kuqhubeka, benokuzilawula kunye nokuziphatha ngokuzithemba kubomi ebomini.
Iimvakalelo kunye neMinqweno njengabantu
Ewe, unjani umdlalo wokuzilawula ukuba usebenze kwezopolitiko zepolitiki nentando yesininzi? Kuya kumangalisa ukubona ukuba ukuzilawula kunye neepolitiki zeqela kusondelelene kangakanani. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yomntu omnye iyafana neemvakalelo kunye neminqweno kubo bonke abanye abantu; ukuba bahluke kuphela ngenani kunye nenqanaba lokuqina kunye namandla, kunye nendlela yokubonisa, kodwa hayi ngohlobo. Ewe, wonke umntu oye wacinga ngesihloko uyazi ukuba. Kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu owaziyo ukuba uvakalelo-kunye nomnqweno lusebenza njengebhodi yezandi yendalo, yona ingumzimba wenyama; ukuba, ngokufanayo, njengoko imvakalelo kunye nomnqweno zivuselelwa kwaye ziphendule kwiithayile ezivela kumtya we-violin, ke zonke iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno ziyaphendula kwiimvakalelo ezine zemizimba yazo xa zilawulwa kwaye zihambelana nengqondo yomzimba kwiimvakalelo zomzimba okuyo, kwanezinto zendalo. Ingqondo yomzimba kaMenzi ilawulwa yindalo ngokusebenzisa iimvakalelo zomzimba okuyo.
Ingqondo yomzimba ikhokelele uninzi lweemvakalelo kunye neminqweno ehlala emzimbeni ukuze ukholelwe ukuba zizimvo kunye nomzimba: kwaye iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno ayinakho ukwazi ukuba zahlukile emzimbeni kunye nemvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo. ke baphendula ngokutsalwa kwendalo ngokusebenzisa amandla ayo. Kungenxa yoko le nto iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yokuziphatha igqwethiweyo ziimvakalelo kunye neminqweno elawulwa ziimvakalelo kwaye zikhokelelwa kuyo yonke indlela yokuziphatha okubi.
Iimvakalelo azinasimilo. Iimpawu zivuthwa ngamandla kuphela; Yonke imbonakalo ngengqondo nganye ingamandla endalo. Ke iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno evumelana neengqondo ziye zahlukaniswe kwiimvakalelo zokuziphatha kunye neminqweno yoMniniyo abeyilo kwaye enze imfazwe ngazo. Kukho rhoqo ubundlongondlongo kunye nokuvukela okungalunganga, ngokuchasene neminqweno elungileyo emzimbeni, ngokubhekisele kwinto ekufuneka yenziwe nokungafanele uyenze. Le yimeko kunye nesimo sabo bonke abantu abasebenza kwi-Door kuyo yonke imizimba yabantu e-United States, nakwilizwe ngalinye kwihlabathi.
Iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yomzimba omnye womntu zimele wonke amanye amaDo kuwo onke amanye amalungu omzimba. Umahluko phakathi kwemizimba uboniswa ngenqanaba nangendlela umntu alawula nawalawula ngayo iimvakalelo neminqweno yakhe, okanye avumele ukuba alawulwe ziimvakalelo kunye nokumlawula. Umahluko kwisimo kunye nesikhundla somntu ngamnye e-United States sisiphumo soko kwenziwa ngumntu ngamnye kwiimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yakhe, okanye nokuba ubavumele ntoni ukuba benze izinto kunye naye.
Urhulumente okanye ngawedwa
Umntu ngamnye ngurhulumente ngokwakhe, nokuba loluphi na uhlobo, ngeemvakalelo zakhe kunye neminqweno yakhe kunye nokucinga kwakhe. Jonga umntu. Into abonakala eyiyo okanye ayikho, uya kukuxelela ngento ayenzileyo ngeemvakalelo zakhe kunye neminqweno yakhe okanye into avumele ukuba ayenze kuye nakuye. Umzimba womntu ngamnye unjengelizwe kwiimvakalelo kunye neminqweno, efana nabantu abahlala kwilizwe-kwaye akukho mda kwinani leemvakalelo kunye neminqweno enokubakho emzimbeni womntu. Iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yahlulahlulwe yangamaqela amaninzi emzimbeni womntu onokucinga. Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezithandwayo nezingathandwayo, umbono kunye neminqweno, iminqweno, iminqweno, ithemba, iimpawu ezintle kunye neempawu ezimbi, onqwenela ukuba zibonakaliswe okanye waneliswe. Umbuzo ngulo, ingaba urhulumente weqonga uzakuthobela okanye ale njani iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zala maqela iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno. Ukuba iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno ilawulwa yimizwa, iqela elilawulayo njengebhongo okanye inkanuko okanye ukubawa okanye inkanuko ziya kuvunyelwa ukuba zenze nantoni na ngaphakathi komthetho; kwaye umthetho weemvakalelo ungxamiseko. Ezi iimvakalelo azinasimilo.
Njengomntu ulandela iqela, okanye ukubawa okanye amabhongo okanye ububi okanye amandla, unjalo urhulumente weqela ngalinye. Kwaye njengokuba abantu bephethwe ngumzimba-ingqondo kunye neengqondo, ngoko zonke iindlela zikarhulumente zingabameli babantu kunye neemvakalelo ezikhoyo kunye neminqweno yorhulumente ngokwamandla. Ukuba uninzi lwabantu besizwe luyityeshela isimilo, urhulumente welo lizwe uya kulawulwa ngoozwilakhe beengqondo, ngamandla, kuba iimvakalelo azinantsingiselo, bachukunyiswa ngamandla kuphela, okanye yiyo ebonakala iluncedo kakhulu kuyo. Abantu noorhulumente babo bayatshintsha kwaye bafa, kuba oorhulumente nabantu balawulwa ngamandla eengqondo, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi komthetho wokukhutshwa.
Iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno idlala ipolitiki yeqela kurhulumente wabo, ngokukhethekileyo okanye ngokwamaqela. Iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno isisisulu kwento abayifunayo kunye nabazimisele ukuyenza ukuze bafumane into abayifunayo. Ngaba baya kwenza okungalunganga, kwaye baya kwenza okungalunganga kangakanani na, ukuze bafumane into abayifunayo: okanye, baya kuvuma ukwenza okungalunganga? Iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno kumntu ngamnye kufuneka azenzele isigqibo: eya kuthi ivuselele izimvo kwaye bathobele umthetho wabo wokunyanzelwa, ngaphandle kwesiqu: kwaye ngubani oya kukhetha ukwenza ngokomthetho wokuziphatha kwaye alawulwe ngokulunga kunye nesizathu ngaphakathi kwakhe?
Ngaba umntu lowo ufuna ukulawula iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno yakhe kunye nokukhupha i-odolo ngaphakathi kokungahambi kakuhle ngaphakathi kuye, okanye ayizukukhathalela ngokwaneleyo ukwenza oko kwaye uzimisele ukulandela apho iingqondo zakhe zikhokelela khona? Lowo ngumbuzo ngamnye ekufuneka azibuze wona, kwaye kufuneka awuphendule. Into aza kuyiphendula ayizukuchonga ikamva lakhe kuphela, kodwa iya kuba kukunceda kwinqanaba elithile ukumisela ikamva labantu baseMelika kunye norhulumente wabo. Into umntu ayimiseleyo ngekamva lakhe, uyilo, ngokomgangatho kunye nenqanaba kunye nenqanaba, emisa njengekamva labantu abakhe, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba azenzele urhulumente.
Ilungelo lokushicilela 1980 ngu The Word Foundation, Inc.